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validation study on a questionnaire that did not undergo a
proper validation process during its initial development.
For example, the Diabetes Quality of Life (DQoL)
questionnaire was initially developed by the Diabetes
Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group
which used it for a clinical trial project (The DCCT
Research Group, 1988). The DQoL instrument contained
46 items and was used to measure health-related quality of
life among diabetes patients by basing on three main
domains, namely, “satisfaction,” “impact,” and “worry.”
However, there is no publication on the initial
development and validation of the DQoL questionnaire. It
is possible that this questionnaire went through some sort
of questionnaire development and validation process;
however, such information is not available in the existing
published literature. Another plausible explanation for this
is that a validated questionnaire for the determination of
