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different approaches to undertake the translation of study
instruments such as a questionnaire. One of the best
approaches is to have two arms working independently for
performing an initial forward translation and then a
backward translation (Omar et al., 2011; Jalaludin et al.,
2013; Yunus et al., 2013; Bujang et al., 2016).
The flowchart of the translation process is
illustrated in Figure 2.2. The first arm consists of the
subject matter experts (SME) from a particular field. For
example, if the questionnaire is related to diabetes
mellitus, then the subject matter expert will be either an
endocrinologist or a family medicine specialist. Apart from
having the expertise in the field of the subject matter,
he/she should also be able to perform translation from the
original language into a local language, meaning they shall
be proficient with both languages.