Page 55 - A Step-By-Step Guide to Questionnaire Validation Research
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different approaches to undertake the translation of study


           instruments such as a questionnaire. One of the best


           approaches is to have two arms working independently for


           performing an initial forward translation and then a

           backward translation (Omar et al., 2011; Jalaludin et al.,


           2013; Yunus et al., 2013; Bujang et al., 2016).


                  The    flowchart      of   the   translation    process    is

           illustrated in Figure 2.2. The first arm consists of the


           subject matter experts (SME) from a particular field. For


           example, if the questionnaire is related to diabetes

           mellitus, then the subject matter expert will be either an


           endocrinologist or a family medicine specialist. Apart from


           having the expertise in the field of the subject matter,

           he/she should also be able to perform translation from the


           original language into a local language, meaning they shall


           be proficient with both languages.
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