Page 60 - A Step-By-Step Guide to Questionnaire Validation Research

introducing bias into the backward translation process

(which may occur due to the same people performing both

the forward and backward translation), an additional and

independent individual or group of individuals from both

arms who are blinded from the original questionnaire who

shall then be assigned to translate the questionnaire

[which had already been translated into a local (or native)

language] back to the foreign language.

Hence, a researcher will receive a total of four

translated versions of questionnaires at the end of the both

forward and backward translation processes. This is

because the subject matter experts (i.e. SMEs) have

produced two different versions of the translated

questionnaire, one obtained from forward translation and

another obtained from backward translation. Likewise, the

linguistic experts have also produced two different

versions of the translated questionnaire (i.e. one obtained