Page 22 - A Step-By-Step Guide to Questionnaire Validation Research

or healthcare professionals, which are usually quantifiable

facts about an individual or subject. Each item or question

will be represented as an independent variable rather than

being part of the collection of items or questions relating

to a specific latent variable. Examples of these items

include specific information related to the patient's

socio-demographic characteristics such as gender,

ethnicity, comorbidities, smoking history, treatment

outcomes, etc. Researchers will usually use a

straightforward approach to seek this type of information

without engaging in an interrogative tone. This type of

questionnaire is usually meant for record-keeping

purposes which can also serve as future reference.

However, the data obtained can also be used for research

purposes whenever necessary (Bujang & Tan-Hui, 2022).