Page 102 - Malaysian Journal of Health Promotion, Vol 4 (Supplementary 1) 2022

Malaysian Journal of Health Promotion, Vol 4 (Supplementary 1) 2022
rd
14 MOH-AMM Scientific Meeting 2022 in conjunction with 23 NIH Scientific Conference Abstract Book
th
(71.2%). However, lack proficiency in using internet is the most prominent barriers in seeking
health information.
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Majority T2DM patients in Negeri Sembilan could be classified
under passive category with limited health literacy. They have difficulty to interpret print
instructions, understand health advisory and warnings. They are also more prone to have a
lack of diabetes awareness and medication compliance. However, the relationship between
HISB and health literacy is positively weak relationship.

ID 109 STATUS OF SMOKING AMONG ADULT MALES IN THE PAST DECADE IN MALAYSIA:
FINDINGS FROM THREE NATIONAL SURVEYS

Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Tania Gayle Robert Lourdes, Thamil Arasu Saminathan, Hamizatul Akmal Abd
Hamid, Halizah Mat Rifin, Hasimah Ismail, Mohd Ruhaizie Riyadzi
Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia

INTRODUCTION: Smoking is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide, with
no exception to Malaysia. In Malaysia, smoking behaviour is significantly prevalent among the
males. This paper aimed to study smoking statuses among adult males in the past decade in
Malaysia.
METHODS: The study utilised data from three national surveys in Malaysia: The Global Adult
Tobacco Survey (GATS) 2011, the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015 and
NHMS 2019. The surveys adopted a multistage stratified sampling design in obtaining
representative sample of population in Malaysia. Smoking statuses were measured based on
GATS protocol and definitions. Complex sample design estimate was used in the analysis.
RESULTS: A total of 2104, 10197 and 5049 male respondents aged 15 years and above
participated in GATS 2011, NHMS 2015 and NHMS 2019 respectively. The overall response
rate was 85% to 87%. The prevalence of smoking among the males was 43.9% (95% CI; 40.6,
47.3) in 2011, 43.0% (95% CI; 41.4, 44.6) in 2015 and 40.5% (95% CI; 37.9, 43.1) in 2019. About
90% of the smokers smoked daily. The prevalence of former smokers was 7.0% (95% CI; 5.6,
8.7), 4.3% (95% CI; 3.7, 4.8) and 8.3% (95% CI; 7.3, 9.4) in 2011, 2015 and 2019 respectively.
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: About 4.6 to 4.8 million adult males were smokers in the past
decade in Malaysia and most of them smoked daily. However, some of the smokers in the
past managed to quit smoking especially among the elderly. More aggressive strategies
targeting the young adult males are needed in controlling smoking behaviour in the country.

ID 110 COST PER AMBULANCE UTILIZATION IN PUBLIC HEALTHCARE SETTINGS IN MALAYSIA

Mohd Shahri Bahari, Farhana Aminuddin, Nor Zam Azihan Mohd Hassan
Centre of Health Economics Research, Institute for Health Systems Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH),
Ministry of Health Malaysia

INTRODUCTION: Studies on ambulance services primarily focus on their response time,
coverage, and quality performance. Despite their increasing importance, service utilization
and costing studies are often neglected. This study aimed to estimate the cost per ambulance
utilization and identify key drivers that contribute to the cost of ambulance services.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 2019 involving 239 ambulances from
selected public hospitals and clinics in Malaysia. Ambulance utilization was captured from
travel logbooks including the number of trips, distance (km), and duration of travel (hour).

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