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l is the number of survivors in the age group x (as described
x,s
above for the life table), for sex, s
p represents the proportion of prevalence of ill health,
x,s
estimated by YLD rate for each age group x, for sex, s
H represents the complement of p and is the average level
x,s
x,s
of health-related quality of life; it has a value between 0 and
1, where a value of 1 indicates full health.

References
Institute for Public Health (IPH) 2017. Malaysian Burden of Disease and Injury Study 2009- 2014.

Vos, T., Allen, C., Arora, M., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Brown, A., et al (2016). Global, regional, and national
incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990 - 2015: a systematic
analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 388(10053), 1545-1602. (Supplementary
Appendix)
World Health Organization (2013). WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates
2000-2011. Geneva: Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems.

Byass, P (2016). Cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease project and the INDEPTH
Network. The Lancet, 4, e785-e786.
Salomon JA, Haagsma JA, Davis A, de Noordhout CM, Polinder S, Havelaar AH, et al. (2015). Disability weights
for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study. The Lancet Global Health. 3(11): e712-723.

Jagger C, Cox B, Le Roy S, EHEMU (2006). Health expectancy calculation by the Sullivan method.
European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit (EHEMU) Technical Report. Montpellier.

10 Malaysian Burden Of Disease And Injury Study 2015-2017
CENTRE FOR BURDEN OF DISEASE RESEARCH, INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH