Page 31 - MJHP MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION Volume 2, 2020

MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION Volume 2, 2020

artikel berbahasa Inggeris yang diterbitkan antara bulan Januari hingga Mei
2020 menggunakan Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed dan Science Direct
untuk menilai artikel yang berkaitan. Daripada 27 artikel yang dikesan,
sembilan artikel telah dianalisa. Status sosioekonomi adalah penentu sosial
kesihatan paling banyak disebut yang berkaitan dengan kadar kematian akibat
COVID-19 dalam kalangan kumpulan etnik minoriti. Kejiranan dan persekitaran
yang telah terbina, keadaan kerja dan keadaan kesihatan serta akses lemah
terhadap penjagaan kesihatan turut tersenarai. Strategi promosi kesihatan untuk
mensasarkan penentu sosial kesihatan dalam kalangan kumpulan etnik minoriti
perlu mempertimbangkan kaedah beberapa lapisan yang fokus kepada tindakan
yang boleh dilaksana di beberapa peringkat secara berstruktur.

Kata kunci: COVID-19, Etnik, Promosi Kesihatan, Minoriti, Penentu Sosial
Kesihatan

1. INTRODUCTION
According to the United States Department of Health and Human
Services, social determinants of health (SDH) refer to the conditions in the
environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play and worship
that affect a wide range of health, functioning and quality of life outcomes
and risks. The Healthy People 2030 has listed five main key areas of SDH
namely healthcare access and quality, education access and quality, social
and community context, economic stability and neighbourhood and built
environment. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the significance
of the SDH including the reported cases and risk communication to reduce
the disease burden (Ataguba & Ataguba, 2020). As COVID-19 pandemic
continues advancing globally, reporting of clinical outcomes and risk factors
for intensive care unit admission and mortality are emerging.
The association between ethnicity and reported cases of COVID-19
was a concerned after ten doctors in the United Kingdom died from COVID-19
were identified as being from ethnic minority groups (EMGs) (Khunti et al.,
2020). Apart from that, there are also significant ethnic inequalities in the
risk of admission to hospital and risk of death from the COVID-19 reported
among EMGs (Resnick et al., 2020). EMGs have also been disproportionately
affected by COVID-19 in the United States. A study by Wilder (2020)
disclosed that COVID-19 has immensely affected EMGs with high rates of
death among African American, Native American, and Latin communities. In
United Kingdom 2,300 of 6,770 critically ill COVID-19 patients were from

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