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KEDAH GSHS 2012 Methods

The GSHS questionnaire contained 77 questions addressing the following topics:

• Alcohol consumption
• Dietary behaviours
• Drug use
• Hygiene (including oral hygiene)
• Mental health problems
• Physical activity
• Protective factors
• Sexual behaviours that contribute to HIV infection, other STIs, and unintended pregnancy
• Tobacco use
• Violence and unintentional injury

A bilingual questionnaire was developed based on the standard questionnaire used by the Global
School-based Student Health Survey with additional local questions. A technical expert committee in
the areas covered under GSHS was formed to ^nalize the questions.

2.1 Variable DeInition

i. Alcohol Consumption
Current alcohol use : drinking at least one drink containing alcohol on
one or more days during the past 30 days.
A drink : a glass of wine, tuak, lihing, bahar, ijuk or toddy; a
bottle of beer; a small glass of liquor; or a mixed
drink. Drinking alcohol does not include drinking a
few sips of wine for religious purposes.
Drunk : Some signs of being really drunk are staggering
when walking, not being able to speak right, and
throwing up.

ii. Dietary Behavior
At risk of becoming underweight : body mass index below-2SD from median by age
and sex.
At risk of becoming overweight : body mass index above+1SD from median by age
and sex.
At risk of becoming obese : body mass index above+2SD by age and sex.
Carbonated soft drinks : includes Coca Cola, Sprite, and Pepsi (except diet
soft drinks).
Plain water : includes mineral water, boiled water, or tap water.
Fast food restaurant : includes McDonalds, KFC and Pizza Hut.
Breakfast : a meal before 9.00 am.

iii. Drug Use
Drug use : includes taking of heroin, morphine, glue,
methamphetamine, ecstasy, syabu, ice, ganja
(except prescribed medicine).
Ever used drug : had used drug(s) at least once in their lifetime.
Current use of/currently using drug : had used drug(s) at least once in the past 30 days.

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